Ceshui Fm

The type section is located on the east side of the highway at Wantou, Zimenqiao Township, Shuangfeng, Hunan. It was named by Tian Qijun in 1929.

The Ceshui Fm in central Hunan can generally divided into two. Lower part consists of siltstone, sandy shale and quartzose sandstone intercalated with black shale and anthracite beds, generally with one to several mineable coal seams, called the coal-bearing or lower member. Upper part is often bottomed by a layer of quartzose fine-grained conglomerate, overlain by quartzose sandstone, siltstone with black shale, and intercalated to different degrees marl and limestone, mostly with coal streaks, but no mineable coal seams, thereby called the coal-free member. The thickness varies greatly, being nearly a hundred meters in the typical locality Wantou of Shuangfeng, reaching the maximum 200-odd meters around the Lengshui River, and mostly between 50 to 100 meters in other places. It is the thinnest in Hetang of Qidong, being only 6 m.

The Ceshui Fm in southern Hunan is similar to the above in lithology, but contains little coal, with very few mineable coal seams.

The formation is rich in Plants, mainly Cardiopteridium spetsbergense, Triphyllopteris collombiana, Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus, Adiantites gothanii, Sublepidodendron spetsbergense, Neuropteris cf. gigantea, Rhodeopteridium hsianghsiangense, Lepidodendron shanyangense, etc., also yielding Corals Kueichouphyllum sp. and Dibunophyllum sp., brachiopod Gigantoproductus sp., etc.

It is interpreted as littoral facies -limnetic facies.